![]() Korg’s own emulation bundle also offers an officially branded – and pretty impressive – MS-20. This aside, there’s little to differentiate the core elements of Arturia’s synth from other recreations. It also adds a few extra features, like a simple oscillator sync switch and extra front panel modulation routings. Comparatively, Arturia’s MS-20 feels like it pushes into full-bodied overdriven territory a little more easily than Korg’s software version or the modern hardware recreations. Arturia leans hard into this side of the MS-20’s character in branding, offering up plenty of hard-edged presets to match. The OG MS-20 was known for its ability to sound gritty, thanks to weighty, drivable oscillators and raspy resonant filters. And that’s before we even get to unofficial versions… Since then Korg has released multiple hardware iterations, including desktop and full-sized reissues, all of which come on top of Korg’s own software MS-20, which has been on the market since the early ’00s. Korg’s own hardware reissue, the MS-20 mini, was one of the first significant synths of the affordable analogue revival. The first is a synth that we’re surprised it’s taken Arturia this long to attempt: the Korg MS-20, hardly obscure. ![]() V Collection 9 introduces two new emulated instruments to the package. Let’s tackle the more conventional additions first though. Upgrade prices available, login to an Arturia account to see offers.ĬONTACT: Arturia Buy from Plugin Boutique KEY FEATURES: Includes 33 software instruments including four new editions and four updates, plus 14 sound packs.
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![]() The simplest method to view is using a text editor and selecting a monospace font and set "US Latin" or "extended ASCII". An NFO plug-in is also available for Opus, an open access repositories software. NFO files are also used by media managers ViMediaManager, tinyMediaManager, Ember Media Manager, CouchPotato - a usenet and torrents client, MediaElch, TV show organiser Media Companion, digital media library manager Media Center Master. Filebot app fetch artwork and create NFO files for TV shows or movies. Plex Media Server uses NFO files for match movie library. The home theater software Kodi uses NFO files for its library. In modern-day warez NFO files, a large ASCII art logo is frequently shown at the top, followed by textual information below. The designers of these NFO files, who worked closely or within the warez groups, frequently incorporated extended ASCII characters from the character set code page 437 in the file.Īs of 2019, NFO files can still be found in many ZIP archives. The most important information is which group, which cracker and which member actually tested and packaged. A typical warez NFO file was elaborate and highly decorated, and usually included a large ASCII art logo along with software release and extended warez group information. Once a software was "packaged" with an NFO and then released, it was then officially owned by that group and no other group could ethically re-release that particular package. The file was a stamp of authenticity, explicitly explaining what group released the software and described what modifications (or cracks) were applied if any. NFO files were ubiquitous, and sometimes required, during the era of the BBS. They are commonly associated with warez groups who include them to declare credit of said release. The files have been explained as essentially being the press releases of the warez scene. Usage of NFO files in publishing of warez Recently to aid internationalization, instead of using the old code page 437 extended ASCII characters, modern ASCII art uses the current de facto web standard ISO-8859-1/ ISO-8859-15 or Unicode UTF-8 characters. Therefore, it was not destined to become standardized throughout the non-English world. The ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) code page 437 character set was originally designed by IBM for the earliest DOS PCs so many years ago. Because of this, ANSI art was much less common, and getting ANSI art to display correctly on a Windows 95 PC often proved more difficult, leading to a decline of such art in NFO files. If the user's computer wasn't already configured to load the ANSI.SYS driver, viewing ANSI art required reconfiguring and rebooting. These animations, however, required ANSI.SYS to be loaded by the DOS shell. īefore Windows 95 was introduced, NFO files also sometimes used ANSI-escape sequences to generate animated ASCII art ( ANSI art). More than forty thousand demoscene productions have an NFO file next to the program file. The Humble Guys later became a demogroup, thus bringing the. Hence its strong presence on Usenet newsgroups that carry binaries and on P2P file trading networks. The perpetuation of this file extension legacy was carried on by warez groups which followed after THG and is still in use to this day. This file was used in lieu of the more common README.TXT or README.1ST file names. The first use came in 1990 on the THG release of the PC game Knights of Legend. Such organizations are also known as warez groups or crack groups. BBS", to establish distribution immediately. The THG group would first upload their package to their world headquarters, "Candyland BBS" or later "The P.I.T.S. NFO files were first introduced by "Fabulous Furlough" of the elite PC warez organization called The Humble Guys, or THG. ![]() Unlike README files, NFO files often contain elaborate ANSI art. NFO files are also often found in demoscene productions, where the respective groups include them for credits, contact details, and the software requirements. If the NFO file is for software, product installation notes can also be found. The information may include authorship and license information. NFO files usually contain release information about the media. This information is delivered for publishing through digital media to make it searchable on the web as well as within local catalogues and libraries. NFO files contain information about the release, such as the digital media title, authorship, year, or license information. NFO or NFO, a contraction of "info", or " information") is a filename extension for text files that accompany warez scene releases of pirated software or media. ![]() Commercial and Residential (13% of 2021 greenhouse gas emissions) – Greenhouse gas emissions from the commercial and residential sector include fossil fuels burned for heat and the use of gases for refrigeration and cooling in buildings, and non-building specific emissions such as the handling of waste.If emissions from electricity use are allocated to the industrial end-use sector, industrial activities account for a much larger share (30%) of U.S. Industry (23% of 2021 greenhouse gas emissions) – Greenhouse gas emissions from industry primarily come from burning fossil fuels for energy, as well as greenhouse gas emissions from certain chemical reactions necessary to produce goods from raw materials.In 2021, 60% of our electricity comes from burning fossil fuels, mostly coal and natural gas. Electricity production (25% of 2021 greenhouse gas emissions) – Electric power generates the second largest share of greenhouse gas emissions and includes emissions from electricity production used by other end use sectors (e.g., industry).Over 94% of the fuel used for transportation is petroleum based, which includes primarily gasoline and diesel. Greenhouse gas emissions from transportation primarily come from burning fossil fuel for our cars, trucks, ships, trains, and planes. Transportation (28% of 2021 greenhouse gas emissions) – The transportation sector generates the largest share of greenhouse gas emissions.The primary sources of greenhouse gas emissions by economic sector in the United States are: Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2021. All emission estimates from the Inventory of U.S. This net sink is not shown in the above diagrams. ![]() Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry in the United States is a net sink and offsets 12% of these greenhouse gas emissions. greenhouse gas emissions. More information is also in the electricity end-use emissions section of this page. Also, if emissions from electricity use are allocated to the industrial end-use sector, industrial activities account for a much larger share of U.S. Greenhouse gas emissions from commercial and residential buildings increase substantially when emissions from electricity end-use are included, due to the relatively large share of electricity use (e.g., heating, ventilation, and air conditioning lighting and appliances) in these sectors. Percentages may not add up to 100% due to independent rounding. Total Emissions in 2021 are 6,340 Million Metric Tons of CO₂ equivalent. I had my brooder cage all set up with fresh bedding, a little feed, water mixed with electrolytes and probiotics, and a chick heater to keep them warm after they hatched. Several more chicks then “pipped” Saturday evening. ![]() I looked in the handy windows on the top of the incubator and could see the “pip,” or small hole the chick makes in the egg shell to catch it’s first breath from the outside world.Īfter the chicks make the initial crack or hole in the shell, they rest for awhile to gain their strength before “unzipping” the large end of the egg so the they can get out. ![]() Saturday afternoon, I heard the first chick chirping from inside the GQF-always an exciting time. We were getting down to the final stretch and the chicks were due to hatch on a Sunday. Still, I was happy with the progress so far. I could tell that those three were clear and had not developed at all. With the exception of the three shipped Marans eggs, every egg was filled in, dark, and seemed to have a chick in it. I also decided to candle all the eggs and see what I could see when removing them from the turner. Once I reached day 18, it was time to take the automatic egg turner out. The Marans eggs, with their darker brown shell, are always hard to candle, so I gave them a pass.Įven with several days of crazy temperature fluctuations with highs in the 80s and lows into the 30s outside overnight over the 21 day incubation period-which of course affected our indoor temperatures-the GQF stayed very consistent, even though the instructions suggest keeping it in a room with a constant temperature. To my surprise, every egg I candled contained a developing chick. I typically like to see how the eggs are developing, so on the sixth day I candled a few. It seemed almost too easy-I kept thinking “Am I doing everything I’m supposed to?” It turns out I was doing my part and I was hoping the GQF was, too. With the GQF automatic egg turner, I was set free from all the extra work of turning along with the feelings of guilt when I forgot to turn them-it was great!Īll I really had to do was to check and make sure there was water in the plastic tray to keep the humidity at the proper level. With my old incubators, I had to turn the eggs by hand at least three times a day for the first 18 days of incubation, a time consuming task that always made me feel guilty if I forgot. Then, on the day I placed the eggs in the incubator, I found two Old English Game Bantam eggs in one of the coops, so I added them, too, for a total of 34 eggs. I let them rest for a day before setting all the eggs. I know there is always a risk of shipped eggs not hatching since you do not know how well they traveled, but I was willing to take the chance. ![]() I also purchased 10 Blue, Black, and Splash Marans eggs online that arrived just in time. Once it reached the correct temperature, I didn’t have to touch the thermostat again-with the help of the internal fan to circulate air, the incubator held the chosen temperature throughout.įor my first use of the incubator, I chose 7 Rhode Island Red and 15 Leghorn eggs from my own flock. I plugged in both the turner and the incubator and placed the thermometer on top of the turner to keep track of the temperature and adjust if needed. After checking to make sure that I had it set for chicken eggs, I placed the turner in the incubator with the electrical cord exiting through the provided space. The turner is capable of holding up to 41 eggs of various sizes ranging from tiny quail eggs on up to large goose eggs. It also included several useful accessories such as a plastic liner with built in water troughs, a wire floor with a easy-to-clean coating, owl clips to attach the wire floor to the plastic liner, and a thermometer.Īfter I placed the assembled liner and wire floor in the bottom of the incubator and filled the troughs with water, I was ready to position the automatic egg turner inside the incubator. The first thing I noticed was that it was made from a thicker, better quality Styrofoam than my old incubator. Once the GQF incubator with the automatic egg turner arrived, I read the directions several times and set it up accordingly. Having used Styrofoam incubators with mixed results in the past, I wasn’t sure what to expect from GQF’s 2362E Electronic Thermostat Hova-Bator. Jackson “BB” Washington, Christian Academy-Louisville 5. Click here to learn about our payment options. Working at Heights Finance in Danville, KY: Employee Reviews . This place makes getting a loan easy and fast very friendly staff and professional explained everything in detail and are very great with answering questions. Come visit your local branch for loans up to 10,000 or more. ![]() This policy has been established to preserve the fairness and impartiality of The Lebanon Enterprise. We can help get you in and out of the door, most times with a check the same day. It is the policy of The Lebanon Enterprise to publish public records as they are reported by various agencies. That’s why we’re always here to help you find the perfect personal loan to fit your individual needs. After you do business with Heights Finance, please leave a review to help other people and improve hubbiz. ![]() Lyon County’s Brady Shoulders (22) and Newport’s Tay Kinney (0) are among the top players in their respective regions this season according to a vote of coaches. Heights Finance In Danville, KY Looking for Loan Places in Danville, KY Give us a call and we’ll help you get the money you need quickly, easily and always with the respect you deserve. Reviews from Heights Finance employees about Heights Finance culture, salaries, benefits, work-life balance, management, job security, and more. Heights Finance in Danville, KY provides personal loans, debt consolidation, auto loans, & loans for other unexpected expenses. At Heights Finance, we want to help you succeed. Established in 2015, Heights Finance is located at 604 Ogden St Ste 102 in Somerset, KY - Pulaski County and is a business listed in the categories Loans Personal, Financing Personal, Personal Credit Institutions and Consumer Lending. Leave the Amplitudes set to their default for now. ![]() Use the radio in USB/J3E (normal voice SSB) mode. In the Audio Tones section the Center Frequency should be “1500” and a dot should be next to USB. In the Radio Connection section select the appropriate option for the remote control of your radio. On the connection page in the Modem Connection section, select the appropriate Modem type and make sure that the Comm Port is correct. Most of the settings described below should be preset for you in the initial settings of AirMail, but you will need to at least enter your Pactor-modem type. Next do the rest of the radio-related installation…īefore doing anything else, go to Tools/Options on the menu and check the settings. You system will send and receive any messages just as if you were connected via radio. Then click the “connect” button, which looks like a green ball. In the Message Index Window, click the “Internet” button, which looks like a lightning bolt. ![]() Once the AirMail software in installed, if your computer has access to the internet, you can go ahead and try connecting to SailMail via the internet. Start AirMail and answer the initial questions, providing your marine callsign which should look something like “WXY1234”. To uninstall AirMail, simply delete the files and folders under the C:\Program Files\AirMail folder. ![]() If you already have a previous version of AirMail installed, when you run the download file it will upgrade your previous version of AirMail, and will preserve your settings and address book. The download version of AirMail is packaged as a self- extracting “Zip” file, which is available by following the links from the Download Page on this website. It was the Dragon Quest game that introduced the ability to swap between multiple party members throughout the adventure, as well as quality of life improvements like quick item sorting and the ability to fill all HP with a menu command.īest of all, The Seeds of Salvation features a more fully fleshed out plot than the first two games. Dragon Quest III: The Seeds of Salvationĭragon Quest III is the first title in the series that really feels like a typical JRPG. Still, if you have the time and patience to put into it, Fragments of the Forgotten Past delivers like few other RPGs.Ħ. You have to really, really like the sometimes meandering story and the gameplay to get through this installment. The game certainly straddles the line of what can be considered too long, with a single playthrough typically taking around 100 hours. Opening on a small island that at first seems to be the only landmass left on the planet, Fragments of the Forgotten Past features one of the most interesting stories in the series, and the challenging gameplay mixed with the deep class system gives it plenty of legs.īut Dragon Quest VII also suffers from a major Achilles’s heel: its monumental length. Dragon Quest VII: Fragments of the Forgotten PastĪrriving at the tail end of the PS1 era, Dragon Quest VII was in many ways a culmination of what many still consider to be the genre’s golden age. With only five towns, five dungeons, and 1v1 battles, Dragon Quest is a simple and relatively quick playthrough by today’s standards, but it perfectly scratches that role-playing itch if you don’t have the energy to spend hours tweaking a character and planning strategies in a modern game. ![]() Dragon Quest still has incredible charm and addictive gameplay, even if it isn’t the deepest title when compared to modern RPGs. There’s a reason why so many indie RPGs are still built on the bones of this classic: the great grandfather of the JRPG genre holds up remarkably well 35 years after its initial release. Square Enix has shown a strong willingness to remake and re-release Dragon Quest games over the years, and given that we’ve already seen remakes of the first eight games, it seems like it’s only a matter of time until we see Sentinels of the Starry Skies return in all of its customization glory. If you try to play Dragon Quest IX now, you’re just not getting the full experience. It remains a high point in the series for allowing lots of customization for both the main character and party members, but that feature was tied to the game’s online capabilities, and Nintendo shut down its DS network years ago. While well-received when it was released, time hasn’t been especially kind to Dragon Quest IX. Dragon Quest IX: Sentinels of the Starry Skies Add in a rather rote story about a prince saving the world, and there’s just not much here to justify a playthrough now, even if the many re-releases have slightly improved the gameplay. While the first game only allowed for 1v1 encounters, Luminaries of the Legendary Line introduced three-person parties, encounters with multiple enemies, and deeper combat options.īut those innovations came at a cost, including nasty difficulty spikes and a high encounter rate. Dragon Quest II: Luminaries of the Legendary Lineĭragon Quest II improved on the original in almost every way, but these days it’s more so viewed as a stepping stone for what the series would become rather than an essential entry. With 2021 marking the 35th anniversary of the first game’s release, there’s no better time rank the best and worst Dragon Quest games in the main series. Unfortunately, we could not include the Japan-only MMORPG Dragon Quest X in this ranking as its never been released in North America.ġ0. Ultimate, the series is finally getting the recognition it deserves around the world. ![]() But with the most recent game receiving widespread critical acclaim, and even a nod in Super Smash Bros. Unsurprisingly, a couple of games in the long-running series took more than a decade to see English language releases. that it was given away with subscriptions to Nintendo Power. While Dragon Quest has always been a huge hit in Japan, the original game sold so poorly in the U.S. Since then, the series has seen plenty of ups and downs. In fact, Final Fantasy probably wouldn’t exist if not for the massive success of Dragon Quest. While many of these game design innovations are attributed to Final Fantasy, which was released in North America first, the Japanese release of Dragon Quest actually beat Final Fantasy by a full year at a time when Square and Enix were still separate companies. Basic JRPG tropes like the overhead view, turn-based combat, and the medieval fantasy setting all got their start with the original Dragon Quest (then called Dragon Warrior in the West). Even if you’ve never played a Dragon Quest game, you’ve undoubtedly played other titles influenced by the series. ![]() ![]() With that said, landscape photography is excellent when you are talking about the street or urban photography. Most people excel at portrait photography, but at the same time, are genuinely bad at landscapes.Īt the same time, most people are great at landscapes, but can’t do portraits. Moving on to the other side of this comparison, both portrait and landscape photography can also be looked at as a genre, and it is better that you are looking at the best possible options that suit you. Just be sure that you are doing it the best way possible, and you will do just fine. This orientation is perfect for cityscapes or street photography as you can explore more styles, and there is a lot of freedom, too. This essentially is for people who want to have more and more subjects in their photos. On the other hand, you have a landscape orientation that is on the wider side of things, and the best part here is that you can easily take a lot more information in a picture that way. Make decisions slowly and carefully you’ll appreciate it in the end when you have a room that aesthetically comes together.You don’t get as much freedom with the framing here, but you still can get a great picture if you know what you are focusing on and how you want it, to begin with. You don’t want to end up with a room with an art piece that seems out of place. Having some tips for choosing a portrait or landscape photo print takes more effort than you may think at first, but it’s necessary to go through all the factors. This method saves you some time and means you won’t have any bad surprises when you finally hang up your art. This will allow you to see with your own eyes how your landscape or portrait will fit into the space. To make the best decisions possible before committing to anything, it’s often a good idea to seek the help of a designer who can create a mock-up of your existing wall. ![]() It can be difficult to visualize something, especially something as complex as adding some art to a room in your home. It’s not ideal to have something obscuring your art, hiding it and making the room feel cluttered. You not only need to worry about what’s on the wall but also what’s directly in front of the wall. There are times when it can be difficult to move around your current décor to fit new art pieces, making it easier to find a piece that already fits without renovating. The Wall Space AvailableĪlong with geometry, you also need to observe the wall space available to you, considering other decorations already established. Following the geometry is key, and deviating from that can create some aesthetic dissonance. If your décor is squarer, portraits are the ideal to keep that flow. If you have more rectangular furniture, then landscape pieces may be your best pick, as they follow the geometry. You’ll need to know the general shapes in the room, such as long tables, rectangular furniture, fireplaces, windows, etc. When it comes to visual uniformity, you’ll want to account for the room’s overall geometry. So it’s critical that you know what you want and acknowledge the print format it typically comes in. Having a specific idea in mind of what you want to hang up is great, but be aware that it can affect the print’s dimensions.īecause it deals with long wingspans, aviation art photography, for example, usually comes in landscape format. ![]() You won’t find many sweeping landscapes on a portrait print’s dimensions the size doesn’t allow for the look. Landscape and portrait photo prints typically focus on different depictions. Be aware of the existing visual geometry and know some ways to incorporate new art into established spaces. Knowing whether you should pick a landscape or portrait photo print requires you to look at your current home decorating situation. A lot of thought can go into décor choices, and you need to make sure there’s a visual flow. Finding the right piece of art for your home can be a challenge. ![]() The new solid body models were based on existing designs: the Phantom-styled Delta, Bulldog-styled Invader and Fender/Vox Consort-styled Thunderjet V260. This was in conjunction with JMI, Eko, and US distributor Thomas Organ, and was known as EME. ![]() As well as the much desired Mark (teardrop) and Phantom models, Eko produced a range of models not dis-similar to the UK Consort, and all named after British world war two aircraft (with the possible exception of the Vox Harlem): the Meteor (Gloster Meteor), Hurricane, Tempest (Hawker Hurricane & Tempest), Spitfire (Supermarine Spitfire), Bulldog (Bristol Bulldog, actually slightly pre-war), Super Meteor, and Harlem.īy 1967, with demand increasing still, a new plant was set up in Italy, producing a redesigned, but significantly slimmed down range of Vox guitars. ![]() The JMI plant in Dartford could not keep up with worldwide demand, and production of additional solid body models was allocated to the Eko factory in Italy from 1965. During world war two there were British naval vessels named HMS Ace, HMS Consort, HMS Escort, and American aircraft named Phantom, Dominator, Apache, Scorpion and Marauder. Others are not so clear, but with the second world war still looming large in the minds of British citizens, it may be that many of these guitar names have military origins. Likewise Shadow almost certainly refers to the early sixties British band of the same name - actually THE biggest band in Britain at the dawn of the 1960s, and Vox endorsers too. The name Soundcaster is clearly derived from Stratocaster, as was the instrument itself. Some clearly have musical references: Soloist, Duotone, etc. The names of Vox guitars are quite interesting in themselves. Certainly numerous prototypes and test models were made including the one-off Vox Kensington made for the Beatles. Certainly Vox solid bodies were being produced at Dartford by 1965, at least to some extent. ![]() It is tempting to suggest the differing models with the same names shown in the 1962 Vox Catalogue and 1963 Vox Catalogue represent the work of each company, although this is pure conjecture. Supposedly, Two UK furniture manufacturers (Stuart Darkins and then later, G-plan) produced Vox bodies and necks which were then assembled with Vox electronics at the Vox Dartford factory. The very earliest British instruments bear a remarkable similarity to certain early sixties models made by Fenton Weill it is not clear whether these were manufactured by them, or a third company produced for both. Vintage Vox solid bodies like the teardrop-shaped Mark VI and the Phantom have made Vox guitars famous, and were produced separately in Britain and Italy, but there were very many lesser-known models produced throughout the 1960s, some of which sold in large numbers, like the Shadow, Stroller and Clubman, whilst some are incredibly rare, like the Apache and Scorpion. The two plants made noticeably different guitars. and Italian guitar company Eko, whilst British Vox's were still produced by JMI. From the mid 1960s US guitar stores were stocking Vox guitars made in Italy by EME - a consortium made up of JMI, Thomas Organ co. Initially JMI-made instruments were exported worldwide, but the Dartford plant could not fill demand. Different guitars were available to different markets at different times. Thanks to Bert McIntyre at Guitar Showcase in San Jose, and Frank Meyers.Vox produced solid body guitars in the UK from 1961 until 1967, in Italy between 19, and Japan from 1969 onwards. To make your regular player guitar sound like this, you’d have to filter it through EQs and compressors… And did we mention – it’s cheap! It’s light, wacky-looking and sounds terrific. And unlike a ’60s Strat, guitars like this can still be found in reasonably good condition and for well under a grand. The EV3T’s original $50 retail price was about a sixth of what you’d pay for Fender Stratocaster. It’s great fun – unless you don’t like loud, whiny feedback fun! Value Like so many other ’60s Japanese guitars, this thing is a screaming banshee with full-on distortion. The middle and neck positions are great for strumming, but our favorite combo is the bridge and neck pickups together, with just a bit of overdrive, for a full-bodied and outspoken tone. The pickups are bright and chimey, with the bridge position possessing the most nasal snarkiness. But the EV3T more than makes up for any shortcomings with its sound. Gram-negative staining bacteria, which are the target of the present study, have been reported to contaminate milk as a consequence of milking cows affected by mastitis and from poorly sanitized utensils used during milking, transportation and storage processes. Bacterial contamination could arise from the cow’s udder, barn, milk collection materials, various ingredients added to dairy products and dairy farm workers. ![]() īacterial agents may contaminate milk at various stages of procurement, processing and distribution. Therefore, milk is known to be an efficient vehicle for transmission of disease causing agents to humans. These rich nutritional contents and the production and processing procedures in commercial milk production render it susceptible to contamination by a host of pathogenic microbes that could cause diseases in humans. Milk is largely made up of water, within which a wide range of nutrients including vitamins, proteins, fats and carbohydrates are suspended. ![]() Further studies are recommended to identify additional critical control points, and to assess zoonotic risk factors to consumers. These results highlighted the need to maintain appropriate sanitary and hygienic measures at each critical point in order to safeguard consumers from foodborne pathogens. This study showed the presence of diverse pathogenic gram-negative staining bacterial species in raw milk that may be attributed to the sub-optimal sanitary conditions in the production and processing of milk in the Gondar town region. ![]() Of particular interest was that no gram-negative staining bacteria were isolated from pasteurized milk samples with varying shelf life. Overall, 54 different bacterial species were indentified, and Escherichia coli (29.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18.5%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (16.7%), were the most commonly identified gram-negative staining bacterial pathogens. Among all critical control points considered, transportation containers at milk collection centers and at processing plants were found to be the most heavily contaminated with gram-negative staining bacterial species. The results of the current study showed that conditions for contamination of raw milk at different critical points were due to less hygienic practices in pre-milking udder preparation, sub-optimal hygiene of milk handlers, and poor sanitation practices associated with milking and storage equipments. Standard bacteriological cultivation and biochemical assays were used to isolate and identify bacterial pathogens in the milk samples. ![]() The hygienic procedures applied during milking, milk collection, transportation, pasteurization, and postpasteurization storage conditions at these specified critical control points were evaluated. Milk sampling points included smallholder’s milk producers, dairy co-operatives, a milk processing plant, and supermarkets. Milk samples were collected from critical control points, from production to consumption, that were hypothesized to be a source of potential contamination. This cross-sectional study of gram-negative staining bacterial contamination of milk meant for human consumption was carried out from October 2010 to May 2011 in Gondar town, Ethiopia. Milk is highly prone to contamination and can serve as an efficient vehicle for human transmission of foodborne pathogens, especially gram-negative bacteria, as these are widely distributed in the environment. |
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